What distinguishes a generalized seizure from a partial seizure?

A generalized seizure is characterized by its widespread involvement of the brain, affecting both hemispheres, which leads to the activation of all voluntary muscles. This full-body engagement is what distinguishes generalized seizures from partial seizures, which typically affect only one part of the brain and lead to localized symptoms, either motor or sensory.

In generalized seizures, this widespread impact can manifest in various forms, such as tonic-clonic seizures, where there are generalized muscle stiffening and jerking movements throughout the body. This contrasts with partial seizures, where the activity may be restricted to specific muscle groups or body parts, depending on the location of the brain affected.

Loss of bowel and bladder control can occur during seizures, but it's not exclusive to generalized seizures and can sometimes occur in partial seizures as well, particularly if they involve areas of the brain responsible for these functions. Not all generalized seizures follow a preictal phase, as some can occur without any warning signs. Additionally, generalized seizures do not exclusively result in motor symptoms; they may also include sensory, autonomic, and cognitive components. Thus, the focus on the involvement of all voluntary muscles is what makes the distinction clear regarding generalized seizures.