What condition is characterized by persistent nausea and vomiting, leading to dehydration?

The condition characterized by persistent nausea and vomiting that leads to dehydration is hyperemesis gravidarum. This condition is a severe form of nausea and vomiting that often occurs during pregnancy, exceeding the typical morning sickness that many pregnant individuals experience. In hyperemesis gravidarum, the symptoms are so pronounced that they can result in significant weight loss and electrolyte imbalance due to prolonged vomiting, which can then lead to dehydration.

Hyperemesis gravidarum differs from morning sickness, which is usually mild and manageable. The symptoms of hyperemesis gravidarum may require medical intervention, including treatments such as intravenous fluids and anti-nausea medications, to manage hydration and overall health of the pregnant person.

The other conditions listed, such as preeclampsia and abruptio placentae, involve different complications associated with pregnancy but do not specifically manifest through persistent nausea and vomiting as the hallmark symptom. Preeclampsia primarily presents with high blood pressure and proteinuria, whereas abruptio placentae involves the premature separation of the placenta from the uterus, leading to bleeding and abdominal pain.